Analysis Of Felice Hill Gaines, An Educator, And A Trail...

â€Å"I put out the very best that was in. I often state I ‘m not here for myself but for others coming behind me† These are the powerful words of one strong dedicated woman, who devoted her life to helping others and who’s legacy paved the way for other women and African Americans. Felice Hill Gaines was an educator, devoted worker, a scholar, and a trail blazer. Felice Hill Gaines was born in St. Louis on September 25th 1908 to Samuel F. and Anita Hill. Mrs. Gaines Married Samuel Gaines of Warrensburg Missouri on May 6, 1933. Felice Hill Gaines relocated to Warrensburg. In an article for the mule skinner Gaines stated â€Å"My husband was born and raised here in Warrensburg, and I being in love followed him.† Samuel and Felice have one son Samuel Gaines III. Felice Hill graduated from Stowe Teachers college in St. Louis. Stowe teachers college, now known as Harris-Stowe, was founded in 1890 as a school for future black elementary teachers. The college was named after Harriet Beecher Stowe, abolitionist, and famous writer of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Harriet Beecher Stowe and Mrs. Gaines were very similar; both women paved the way for other women, both women were feminist. Felice Hill Gaines passion for education led the way for her career and allowed her to break barriers for African American men and women. Mrs. Gaines served as an educator in Warrensburg Missouri and in surrounding areas such as Knob noster. Felice hill Gaines was a teacher at the Howard school in Warrensburg

Worlds Collide in A Midsummer Night’s Dream - 1324 Words

A Midsummer Night’s Dream:nbsp; Worlds Collidenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp; Four worlds collide in a magical woods one night in midsummer in William Shakespeares mystical comedy A Midsummer Night’s Dream. The mythological duke of Athens, on the eve of his wedding to the newly defeated Queen of the Amazons, is called upon by the mortal Egeus to settle a quarrel. Hermia, Egeuss vociferous daughter, refuses to marry the man her father has betrothed to her, the enamored Demetrius. Theseus sides with authoritarian Egeus and forces Hermia to marry Demetrius or face death. Defiantly, Hermia and her love, Lysander, resolve to elope and abscond into the woods, confessing their plan only to Hermias covetous†¦show more content†¦Shakespeares unique talent for creating poetry is effective in both establishing character and demonstrating the theme. The characters of the play all speak in poetic form with the exception of the English rustics who speak in prose. This helps to place the fairies and lovers on a higher, more transcendental plane than the artis ans. Therefore, the artisans become more comical and lighten up the confusing comedy of love. The poetry of Shakespeares genius also clarifies the plays theme of the extreme confusion and blinding powers of love. The rhythmic words help to create a magical setting of love while the rhymes portray the confusion each character feels while under the stupefying powers of love. Some optimists have compared love to a blissful dream, but Shakespeares clever intrigue shows what a confusing nightmare love can be. As the audience ponders the revelry they have just seen as the play comes to a close, Puck steps forth to conclude the confusion: If we shadows have offended Think but this, and all is mended That you have but slumbred here While these visions did appear And this weak and idle theme No more yielding than a dream. The audience is left in as much ambiguity as felt throughout the performance, appropriately ending the play in a puzzling state of confusion. The theme of night activities-dreams and sleep-runs throughout the play. The majority of the plot takes place at night, even the rehearsal for the farcical play. All the

Fringe Benefits Tax Benefits Tax Assessment Act.

Question: Discuss about the Fringe Benefits Tax for Benefits Tax Assessment Act. Answer: Introduction: Fringe Benefits Tax Assessment Act was introduced in 1986 (FBTAA, 1986) as a separate tax to be levied on those payments which the employers paid to their employees in the form of benefits. As these amounts were paid to the employees as out-of-pocket compensations against extra services performed by the employees, these were not included in the regular salary of the employees, (Marsden, 2010). The employer deducted these amounts as expenses and both, the employer as well as the employee, did not pay any income tax on these amounts. Majority of these benefits were provided in non-cash form and included, car allowance, entertainment allowance, traveling allowance and so on, (Marsden, 2010). Section 136(1) of the FBTAA, 1986 defines a fringe benefit as a benefit, provided during a tax year, to an employee or to the associate of the employee, by the employer or by the associate of the employer, or through a third party by the employer. Broadly, Fringe benefits include any amount paid towards any privilege, service or facility provided to the employee by the employer, (Macmillan (ed.), 2000). On the other hand, fringe benefits shall exclude salaries and wages as defined in Section 136 (1) (f) of FBTAA, 1986, as well as allowances, commissions or bonuses as detailed under Section 12-35 of Schedule-1 of TAA, 1953, (Macmillan (ed.), 2000). Employment vs Business Relationship Cash Payments Salary and wages are those cash payments which are assessable incomes under Section 6-5 of ITAA, 1997 and Section 15-2 of ITAA, 1997 (Section 26e of ITAA, 1936). Apart from these, any amount less than $2,000, if paid in cash as a fringe benefit, shall not be treated as Reportable Fringe Benefit, (CCH Editors, 2011). However, employers can report inter-connected fringe benefits under different heads so as to keep them under the exempted level of $2,000. This is particularly applicable in cases where meal expense, night accommodation and taxi travel by the employee is claimed. Here, the employer has to consider each expense as individual benefit provided to the employee so as to keep it under the exempt limit, (CCH Editors, 2011). Non-Cash Benefits All non-cash benefits provided to the employee, such as a company car provided to the employee for private use, where all expenses are borne by the employer are assessed under the FBTAA, 1986. However, as per Section 21A of ITAA, 1936, the fringe benefits provided by the employer to its employees are not to be treated as assessable income at the hands of the employee. Liability of paying the FBT lies with the Employer, (CCH Editors, 2011). Implications of FBT Allowances not subject to FBT Section 15-2 of ITAA, 1997 does not apply to fringe benefits covered under FBTAA, 1986. These include allowances and other payments made in respect of employment or services, paid directly or indirectly to an employee as a consequence of employment. These include Cash allowances, such as travel allowances, uniform allowances and overtime payments. Gratuities including gratuitous gifts, whether in cash or non-cash form, which are paid for employees good performance. Any type of compensation. All Bonuses or Premiums, (Horwath, 2009). Expense Payments (Section 20 of FBTAA, 1986) Under Section 6-5 of ITAA, 1997, Section 23L of ITAA, 1936 and Subsection 136(1) of FBTAA, 1986 following are some of the payments which shall be considered as fringe benefits paid to the employee Employees home internet bill. Employees golf club membership. Employees kids school fees, (Horwath, 2009). The taxable value of the payment is equivalent to the amount paid or reimbursed less the amount contributed by the employee. Calculating FBT The company has to 1. Determine that there is a fringe benefit. 2. Determine the type of benefit and the section applicable from FBTAA, 1986. 3. Determine whether the benefit is of Type-1 or Type-2. Type-1 Benifits: Those benefits for which employer can claim GST input tax credit. Type-2 Benifits: Those benefits for which employer cannot claim GST input tax credit as the amount involved does not attract GST. 1. Determine the Taxable Value (TV). 2. Multiply the TV of step-3 by the applicable Gross-up factor as shown in the table below. 3. Multiply the Grossed-up TV by 49% (the FBT Rate for FBT year 2015/16) to determine the FBT liability, (Ault Arnold, 2004). FBT Year 1/4/13 to 31/3/14 1/4/14 to 31/3/15 1/4/15 to 31/3/16 1/4/16 to 31/3/17 1/4/17 to 31/3/18 Gross-up factors Type-1: 2.0647 Type-2: 1.8692 Type-1: 2.0802 Type-2: 1.8868 Type-1: 2.1463 Type-2: 1.9608 Type-1: 2.1463 Type-2: 1.9608 Type-1: 2.0802 Type-2: 1.8868 FBT Rate 46.5% 47% 49%* 49%* 47% *FBT Rate between 1/4/15 and 31/3/17 has been increased to reflect the temporary Budget Repair Levy. FBT: How to Calculate The payment of $15,000 made by the employer towards school fee of Johns child is a fringe benefit under the FBTAA, 1986. Employer is liable for FBT under Section 20 of Division 5: Expense Payment Benefits under FBTAA, 1986. This fringe benefit is of Type-2, as there is no GST element. Multiply the amount by the Gross-up Factor of 1.9608 and the Grossed-up Taxable Value comes to $29,412. The FBT Liability of the employer is = (Grossed-up Taxable Value) x (FBT Rate for the FBT year 2015/16) = ($29,412) x (49 %) = $14,412. This is a fringe benefit as detailed in Section 25 of Division 6: Housing Benefits of FBTAA, 1986. According to the Act, such a benefit arises when the employer provides an employee an accommodation at a reduced rent rate or rent-free and the accommodation is the employees usual place of residence. However, any accommodation provided by the employer to employee in a remote area is exempt from FBT. This fringe benefit is of Type-2, as there is no GST element. The market value of the rent for the accommodation provided is $800 per week and John contributes $100 towards this cost. Hence, the Net Value of the Fringe Benefit is $700 per week. The annual amount will be $700 x 52 = $36,400. Multiply this by the Gross-up Factor of 1.9608 and we get the Grossed-up Taxable Value of the fringe benefit as $71,373. The FBT Liability of the employer is = (Grossed-up Taxable Value) x (FBT Rate for the FBT year 2015/16) = ($71,373) x (49 %) = $34,973. Hence, the total FBT liability of the employer is = $14,412 + $34,973 = $49,385 Goods and Service Tax As per Division 9 of the Goods and Services Tax Act1999 (Cth)(GSTA, 1999) GST is applicable on sale of merchandise and services by a registered entity. However, it is detailed under Section 9-15 of the GSTA, 1999 that the sale of goods or services must have been made for a consideration to an entity which is registered for GST as per Division 23 of the Act and the sale conforms to Section 9-20 of the Act. Payments for employment services or hobby income are not covered under the GSTA, 1999, (Ault Arnold, 2004). All enterprises registered for GST are required to submit a Business Activity Statement (BAS) reporting their GST activities to the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) for quarters ending on March, June, September and December. Registered entities are required to submit their BAS with the ATO within 20 working days after the end of the relevant quarter, (Hayes, 2009). GST is applicable for refund when a product is recalled, provided the transactions has been reported by the registered entity, or is required to be registered under the GST Act. How the refund of GST, as mandated in the GSTA, 1999, shall apply to goods which have been recalled, shall depend on to whom are the goods returned and whether they have been exchanged for money or are replaced by fresh goods, (Hayes, 2009). Refunding of Returned Goods When goods are returned by Wonder Sports to the manufacturer Aussie tennis Goods, it shall be considered as cancellation of the sale by Wonder Sports. Since the GST amount would have already been paid to the ATO by the manufacturer Aussie Tennis Goods and the buyer Wonder Sports would have claimed the GST credit, it is mandatory for both parties to make adjustment entries, (Horwath, 2009). In case the manufacturer Aussie Tennis Goods makes a refund to the buyer Wonder Sports against the returned goods, then Aussie Tennis Goods will report a GST credit for the GST component related to the returned goods which it must have included in its previous BAS. This is known as adecreasing adjustment. The manufacturer Aussie Tennis Goods will issue an adjustment note to Wonder Sports who has returned the goods. Wonder Sports, as the buyer will be required to make anincreasing adjustmentin its next BAS in case it has previously claimed the GST credit against the GST it paid for the goods it has now returned, (Horwath, 2009). Exchanging with New Goods In case the retailer Wonder Sports returns the defective goods to the manufacturer Aussie Tennis Goods for exchange with new goods, then the manufacturer Aussie Tennis Goods will cancel the previous sale invoice of the recalled goods and will report a new sale. Aussie Tennis Goods can claim back the GST it had already deposited on the original sale of the goods which now stand returned, by making a decreasing adjustment to its net GST payable in its next BAS, (Marsden, 2010). Aussie Tennis Goods will also be required to issue an adjustment note to the buyer Wonder Sports. The manufacturer Aussie Tennis Goods is also required to report the GST on the sale of the new goods to Wonder Sports in its next BAS and also must issue a tax invoice for the new goods to Wonder Sports in case the GST inclusive amount of the goods is more than $82.50, (Marsden, 2010). In the case of the retailer Wonder Sports, it is mandatory for it to repay the previously claimed GST credit and this will be done by it by making an increasing adjustment in its next BAS to its net GST amount it is required to pay. The retailer Wonder Sports can also claim a GST credit for the GST amount included in the price of the new goods delivered to it, in case the GST inclusive amount for the new goods is above $82.50. The retailer Wonder Sports must keep record of a valid tax invoice for the new purchase before claiming the GST credit, (CCH Editors, 2011). In case the retailer Wonder Sports is maintaining its accounts using the Cash Method, then as stipulated under Section 19 of ITAA 1936; Section 28 of ITAA 1936; Section 70-35 of ITAA, 1997; Subsection 995-1(1) of ITAA, 1997; Subsection 25(1) of ITAA 1936; Subsections 6-5 (2), (3) and (4) of ITAA, 1997; and Subsection 6(1) of ITAA 1936, Wonder Sports can, for taxation purposes, reverse the entries made under the GST accounts in its account books. Under the cash method, commonly known as the Receipts Method, the above noted statutes of the law state that any amount shall be considered as having been incurred by Wonder Sports only when it has been actually or constructively been incurred by Wonder Sports so as to complete a business activity, (CCH Editors, 2011). Four-year Time Limit However, in case Wonder Sports is maintaining its accounts using the Accrual Method, there is the four-year time limit option available to it for the claiming any GST credit against returned goods for purchases. The four year limit ends from the due date of the BAS it is required to file for its earliest tax period in which Wonder Sports would have claimed the credit and it is not required to hold a valid tax invoice for making the claim, (Macmillan (ed.), 2000). In case Wonder Sports maintains its account for GST purposes using the non-cash (accruals) method, then the earliest tax period in which it could have claimed the GST credit for the purchase would have been the first tax period in which either an invoice for the purchase was issued or it provided part or full payment for the purchase, (CCH Editors, 2011). Wonder Sports can also avail this four-year limit even if it maintains its accounts for GST purposes using the cash method. The earliest tax period in which Wonder Sports could put a claim for a GST credit for a purchase would be that tax period in which Wonder Sports provided payment for the purchase, (Macmillan (ed.), 2000). Reference List Ault, H. J. and Arnold, B. J. (2004) Comparative Income Taxation: A Structural Analysis. (2nd ed). Amsterdam: Kluwer Law International. CCH Editors. (2011) Australian Master Tax Guide 2011. (48th ed). Sydney: CCH Australia Limited. Hayes, G. (2009) A Practical Guide to Business Valuations for SMEs. Sydney: CCH Australia Limited. Horwath, C. (2009) International Master Tax Guide. (6th ed). Sydney: CCH Australia Limited. Macmillan, F. (ed). (2000) International Corporate Law. (Volume-1). Portland: Hart Publishing. Marsden, S. J. (2010) Australian Master Bookkeepers Guide. (3rd ed). Sydney: CCH Australia Limited.

The Ten Plagues Upon Egypt Essay Example For Students

The Ten Plagues Upon Egypt Essay THE TEN PLAGUES UPON EGYPTTo escape punishment for killing an Egyptian, Moses ran away to Midian, where he met and married the daughter of a shepherd. During that time, the king of Egypt died, and the Israelites called out to God in their suffering. In the past, God had made a covenant with Abraham, Isaac and Jacob concerning the fate of them and their descendants, and the time had come for Him to rescue them. While Moses was tending his father-in-laws sheep, he led the sheep through the desert until they arrived at Mt. Horeb. There, the angel of the Lord appeared to Moses in the form of flames from a bush. The Lord told Moses that He saw the misery that the Israelites were suffering at the hands of the Egyptians, and would come and rescue them. He instructed Moses to go to the Pharaoh, ask that the Israelites be freed, and then lead them out of Egypt and into the land of the Canaanites. When Moses objected that neither Pharaoh nor his own people would support him, God let him know t hat He knew Pharaohs heart would harden against Him, so He would show His power to the Egyptians by raining down calamities against them. This display of anger for the Egyptians who refused to follow His will was manifested in ten plagues. God, working through Moses and Aaron, brought misery after misery upon Pharaoh and the Egyptians. We will write a custom essay on The Ten Plagues Upon Egypt specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 1. The first plague involved changing the water of the Nile River into blood. Moses warned Pharaoh that unless he let the Israelites go to worship God, the river would turn to blood, the fish would die, the water would stink, and the people would not be able to drink. Even the water stored in jars would turn to blood. Pharaoh disobeyed, and God let loose his wrath. Pharaoh hardened his heart as God had said, and walked back into his palace. 2. The second plague occurred seven days later. When the Pharaoh refused yet again to obey God, the Lord brought frogs out of the land. They filled the Nile, and every home, bed and oven. Pharaoh then agreed to free the Israelites if God removed the frogs. God caused the frogs to die the next day, but Pharaoh hardened his heart and broke his end of the agreement. God then sent a third plague. 3. Everywhere throughout Egypt, the Lord changed dust into gnats. They covered men, animals and all of the land. Even Pharaohs magicians saw this was the work of God, but Pharaoh still would not listen. God knew this was going to happen and sent Moses to Pharaoh to demand freedom, or a fourth plague would descend upon him and his people. Like before, he refused. 4. This fourth plague brought flies over the entire land, except for Goshen, which was where the Israelites lives. Moses had gone and warned Pharaoh of this, and let him know that Goshen would be spared to prove Gods power to the Pharaoh. When the flies came, they poured into the palace and the homes of Pharaohs officials. They covered the land and ruined it. Pharaoh again agreed to free the Israelites so that they could go to the desert and make sacrifices to worship God, but only if the flies were taken away. Again, a deal was made, and God caused every last fly to leave. Yet once again,Pharaoh hardened his heart and would not let the people go. 5. Then the Lord sent Moses to warn Pharaoh of a fifth plague, in which all of Egypts livestock would die, but not the Israelites. Pharaoh chose not to obey, and the next day, God brought His plague. Pharaoh sent his men to investigate the livestock of the Israelites, and even though he saw that not one was harmed, he still disobeyed God. .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 , .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 .postImageUrl , .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 , .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7:hover , .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7:visited , .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7:active { border:0!important; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7:active , .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Persuasive: Overpopulation Essay6. God then created a sixth plague, the plague of boils, to sweep across the land. Moses took soot from the furnace and tossed it in the air before the Pharaoh, It became fine dust over the whole land and on every man and animal that it landed on caused a terrible outbreak of boils, but Pharaoh still refused to free the Israelites. 7. At this point, God instructed Moses to go once again to Pharaoh, only this time the punishment for disobedience would be even greater. Moses was to tell Pharaoh that God had given him many chances to let His people go, and now He would display His true power. A hailstorm unlike any seen before would fall upon Egypt. The next day, a tremendous hailstorm struck Egypt. Lightning flashed through the sky, and every man and animal outside was killed, all crops were beaten down, and all trees were stripped bare. Only Goshen was spared. Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron and told them he had sinned and was wrong. He would allow the Israelites to leave if Moses would pray and end the storm. Moses said that he would, but he knew that Pharaoh still did not fear God. He left the city and spread his hands toward the Lord. The storm ended, and Pharaoh saw this and again hardened his heart even further. 8. God instructed Moses to go to Pharaoh once more. He explained how he had deliberately hardened Pharaohs heart, and those of his officials, so that he could perform these miracles, which were to be retold to his descendants. Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and warned him that if he refused to free their people, a plague of locusts would enter the country. Pharaohs officials told him to let the people go, as Egypt was ruined. Pharaoh agreed, but would only allow the men to go; no women and children would leave. Moses protested that all had to come as they were to celebrate a festival to the Lord. Pharaoh refused him and drove them away. Moses stretched out his staff over the land as God instructed him to do, and a wind from the east blew across the land all day and all night. By the morning, the wind had brought locusts. They covered all of Egypt. There were so many that the ground was blackened. They ate all that was left after the hailstorm, everything in the fields, every fruit l eft on the trees. No plant or tree was left in all of Egypt. Quickly, Pharaoh summoned Moses and admitted his sin. He would allow the people to go, if this plague would leave. Moses prayed to the Lord, and a west wind blew in, which caught up the locusts and blew them into the Red Sea. God then hardened Pharaohs heart, and he refused to let the Israelites go. 9. Then the Lord told Moses to stretch his hand toward the sky and darkness would spread over Egypt. Moses did this, and complete darkness covered all of Egypt for three days. No one could see anything or leave their homes, except for the Israelites, who had light in the places they lived. Pharaoh called for Moses and told him to go and worship God. Even the women and children could go, but the animals had to stay behind. Moses insisted that the animals come too, because sacrifices and offerings had to be made. Pharaoh refused and became angry. He told Moses to leave and never appear in front of him again. Moses agreed and told him he would never see him again. 10. God spoke to Moses again, and told him that He would send one more plague down on Egypt, after which the Israelites would not only be freed, but also driven out completely. For this reason, they were to go to their neighbors and ask for silver and gold. God made the Egyptians kind toward the Israelites so that they would give these items to them. Then he instructed him on the final plague. On the tenth of the month, the people of Israel were to gather firstborn male lambs and on the fourteenth they were to slaughter them for food and smear their doorframes with their blood. On that night, the Lord would pass through Egypt and strike down every firstborn male, both men and animals, and would bring judgment against the Egyptian gods. The blood on the doors would be a sign to Him of the Israelites, and this horrible plague would pass over them. God gave them further instructions on what to eat and what not to, and how else to observe this event. This was to represent a lasting festi val to the Lord for all future generations. It was to be a day to commemorate. Moses explained this to the elders of Israel and instructed them that this was a lasting ordinance for them and all their descendants. Once they entered the land the Lord had promised, they were to observe this ceremony. The Israelites bowed down, worshiped, and did as the Lord commanded. .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 , .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 .postImageUrl , .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 , .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617:hover , .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617:visited , .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617:active { border:0!important; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617:active , .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In The Skin Of A Lion EssayAt midnight, the Lord killed all the male firstborn in Egypt. Not even the son of Pharaoh was spared. Pharaoh, his officials, and every Egyptian woke up in the middle of the night and a loud wailing was heard over the land. There was not one household without someone dead. During that night, Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron and told them to hurry and leave as they requested. The Egyptians were frightened that they would die if the Israelites remained and hurried them on their way with gold and silver, just as God had planned. They journeyed from Rameses to Succoth where they received further instruction from God concerning Passover. The Israeli tes did as commanded, and on that same day they were brought out of Egypt. BibliographyThe Bible, NIV VersionReligion

Wounded Knee Massacre Essay Example

Wounded Knee Massacre Essay â€Å"Wounded Knee Massacre† Melinda Belcher May 2, 2010 In 1848 a series of gold and silver discoveries signaled the first serious interest by white settlers in the arid and semiarid lands beyond the Mississippi, where many Indian nations had been forced to migrate. To open more land, federal officials introduced in 1851 a policy of â€Å"concentration. † Tribes were pressured into signing treaties limiting the boundaries of their hunting grounds to â€Å"reservations† The Sioux tribe was limited to the Dakotas. The treaties that claimed the Indians provisions would not follow through; land hungry pioneers broke promises of the government by squatting on Indian lands and then demanded federal protection. The government in turn forced more restrictions on the Indians. This cycle of broken promises was repeated until a full-scale war between whites and Indians raged in the west. (U. S. A Narrative History, 2009) By the mid-1880’s there were some 180 reservations in the west, containing approximately 240,000 American Indians. Among the last to be confined were the Sioux, who fought fiercely to keep their freedom. Nevertheless, a treaty in 1889 created six small reservations in the Dakotas: Pine Ridge, Rosebud, Cheyenne River, Crow Creek, Lower Brule, and Standing Rock. The Sioux tribe suffered crop failures in the summers of 1889 and 1890. White settlers were killing all the bison, plus epidemic of sickness, brought bitterness and poverty to the Sioux, who were ripe for any vision promising them relief. (U. S. A Narrative History, 2009) (Stanley I. Kutler, 2003) In 1890 a religious revival spread when word came from the Nevada desert that a humble Paiute named Wovoka had received revelations from the Great Spirit. We will write a custom essay sample on Wounded Knee Massacre specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Wounded Knee Massacre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Wounded Knee Massacre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Wovoka preached that if his followers adopted his mystical rituals and lived together in love and harmony, the Indian dead would rise, whites would be driven from the land, and game would be thick again. As the rituals spread, alarmed settlers called the shuffling and chanting the â€Å"Ghost Dance†. Soon delegates from many tribes traveled to visit Wovoka, several Sioux among them. Prominent were Chief Kicking Bear and his brother-in-law, Short Bull; enamored of the Ghost Dance, they brought the new religion to Rosebud, Pine Ridge, and Standing Rock. (U. S. A Narrative History, 2009) (Stanley I. Kutler, 2003) Although the Ghost Dance was performed peacefully by most tribes, among the Sioux it became a rallying cry against the whites. Kicking Bear and Short Bull argued that their people had to assist the Great Spirit in regaining their freedom. A holy shirt was invented, a â€Å"ghost shirt† painted with sacred, magic symbols. It was believed that not even bullets could harm a person wearing such a shirt. The Ghost Dance dominated life on the Sioux reservations, greatly disturbing the government agents. There was little or no understanding of the ritual’s meaning, and agitated agents and military officers were alarmed at what they perceived to be a â€Å"war dance†. (Stanley I. Kutler, 2003) (U. S. A Narrative History, 2009) In December of 1890 in Standing Rock, the army had suspicions of a Sioux holy man and staunch champion to be behind the Ghost Dance frenzy. The man they suspected was Sitting Bull, the army attempted to arrest Sitting Bull, during the arrest Sitting Bull was killed. His death increased tensions between Indians and soldiers. Hundreds of Sioux fled Standing Rock, many seeking refuge with Chief Red Cloud at Pine Ridge or with Chief Big Foot (also known as Spotted Elk) at Cheyenne River. Both chiefs were traditionalists, though Big Foot had been the earliest in accepting the Ghost Dance. Trying to preserve peace, Red Cloud invited Big Foot and his band to Pine Ridge, a move heartily desired army and the Indian Bureau as well. (Stanley I. Kutler, 2003) Big Foot led his people toward Pine Ridge, setting out on December 23, 1890. Their movements were tracked by the army, fearful of treachery. On December 28, only 20 miles from Pine Ridge, a squadron of Seventh Cavalry, Custer’s former command, intercepted the band. Big Foot, ill with pneumonia, persuaded Major Samuel M. Whiteside, in command, that he and his people would come peacefully. That night Indians and soldiers camped together beside Wounded Knee Creek. Accounts list 350 Indians, 230 of them women and children, while the Seventh Cavalry counted 500 men. (Stanley I. Kutler, 2003) On the day of December 29, 1890, Colonel James W. Forsyth took command, he ordered his men surround the Indian camp; Hotchkiss guns were posted overlooking the whole camp. Forsyth ordered Big Foot and other leaders to confer with him. He announced that he wanted to disarm all the Indians and he would be sending soldiers into the tipis, searching for weapons. Yellow Bird, a medicine man urged resistance, assuring his people they could not be harmed while wearing their ghost shirts. Black Coyote, said by some Indian witnesses to be deaf, refused to surrender his Winchester rifle; in the struggle, the gun went off. Both sides began firing, and indiscriminate killing followed. Most of the Indians had been unarmed at the time of the attack. Firing fifty rounds a minute, the Hotchkiss guns devastated the Indian camp. Women and children were slaughtered along with the men, few escaping. The fighting lasted less an hour, but Big Foot and more than half of his people were dead. The army’s loses were only around twenty-five, Surviving Indians were loaded into wagons and taken to Pine Ridge, while some were admitted to a military hospital most were taken to the floors of a Episcopal church. (Stanley I. Kutler, 2003) The nationwide reaction to the Wounded Knee massacre was split; some people praised the soldiers, others condemned them. In actuality, neither side seems to have plotted the battle or been able to foretell the tragedy. Mutual fear and suspicion were among the underlying causes of the event. Sioux holy man Black Elk was at Pine Ridge when the massacre occurred. After the fighting ended, he went to Wounded Knee. When he saw the many corpses, he recognized in them the â€Å"killing of a dream. † It was the end of Indian armed resistance to the United States as well as the end of the Ghost Dance and its promise of a new world. (Stanley I. Kutler, 2003) Bibliography James Davidson, B. D. (2009). U. S. A Narrative History. New York: McGraw Hill Comapanies Inc. Stanley I. Kutler, E. (2003). Dictionary of American History, Third Edition. New York: The Gale Group, Inc.

Free Essays on Zimbabwe

Population:11,365,366 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.) Age structure:0-14 years: 38.68% (male 2,223,332; female 2,172,479) 15-64 years: 57.69% (male 3,319,982; female 3,236,286) 65 years and over: 3.63% (male 208,785; female 204,502) (2001 est.) Population growth rate:0.15% (2001 est.) Birth rate:24.68 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) Death rate:23.22 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) note: there is a small but steady flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa in search of better paid employment Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.) Infant mortality rate:62.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth:total population: 37.13 years male: 38.51 years female: 35.7 years (2001 est.) Total fertility rate:3.28 children born/woman (2001 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:25.06% (1999 est.) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:1.5 million (1999 est.) HIV/AIDS - deaths:160,000 (1999 est.) Nationality:noun: Zimbabwean(s) adjective: Zimbabwean Ethnic groups:African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%), mixed and Asian 1%, white less than 1% Religions:syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1% Languages:English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and ... Free Essays on Zimbabwe Free Essays on Zimbabwe Population:11,365,366 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.) Age structure:0-14 years: 38.68% (male 2,223,332; female 2,172,479) 15-64 years: 57.69% (male 3,319,982; female 3,236,286) 65 years and over: 3.63% (male 208,785; female 204,502) (2001 est.) Population growth rate:0.15% (2001 est.) Birth rate:24.68 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) Death rate:23.22 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) note: there is a small but steady flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa in search of better paid employment Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.) Infant mortality rate:62.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth:total population: 37.13 years male: 38.51 years female: 35.7 years (2001 est.) Total fertility rate:3.28 children born/woman (2001 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:25.06% (1999 est.) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:1.5 million (1999 est.) HIV/AIDS - deaths:160,000 (1999 est.) Nationality:noun: Zimbabwean(s) adjective: Zimbabwean Ethnic groups:African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%), mixed and Asian 1%, white less than 1% Religions:syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1% Languages:English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and ...

China and Monetary Policy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

China and Monetary Policy - Coursework Example Foreign projects in manufacturing sectors were only concentrated in labor-intensive sectors, such as food, electronics, construction materials, textiles and toys. In the late 1980s, foreign manufacturing investment accounted for more than 70 percent of the total FDI flowing into China; investment continued to increase rapidly, reaching more than 80 percent around 1990 (NBS, 1991). With increasing experience in the Chinese market, and accumulated knowledge about China's industrial structure, foreign firms extended their business scope into physical infrastructure facilities, including construction, energy, transportation and capital-intensive and technology-intensive machinery and equipment. Such investments involved more technological inputs, higher start-up costs, and larger financial commitments and, therefore, foreign firms faced greater risks. With China's accession to the WTO, other sectors, especially services, have become popular to foreign investors. In China, FDI is highly agglomerated. It favors cities where targeted industries are fairly developed (Belderbos and Carree, 2002). Marshall (1898) proposes that the pool of specialized skilled labor, trade of intermediate inputs, and spillovers were driving forces of industrial agglomeration. Porter (2000) argues that industrial clusters increase the productivity of constituent firms, upgrade the capacity of cluster participants for innovation and productivity growth, and stimulate new business formation. Because of the lack of local knowledge, foreign investors encountered so-called "disadvantage of an alien status" in China. Industrial clusters have helped foreign investors to attenuate these disadvantages (He, 2002, pp.1030). Therefore, foreign investors like to select geographically agglomerated industries with strong localized business linkages. Traditional FDI theories (Hymer, 1976; Kojima, 1978; Dunning, 1980) suggest that industrial distribution of foreign investment depend s on comparative advantages in host economies and the ownership-specific advantages that multinational corporations (MNCs) hold. Dunning (2000) argues that factors influencing MNC industrial choices have gone beyond the natural endowments in the era of globalization, and that benefits from industrial agglomeration are playing an increasingly important role. Therefore, industrial distribution of FDI in host economies might be influenced by industry-specific external economies, which arise from geographical proximity of related firms and localized business linkages. There is some published literature concerning industrial patterns of FDI in host economies. Caves (1974), for instance, considers foreign firms' shares in Canadian and UK manufacturing industries in the 1960s and emphasizes the importance of intangible capital, advantages accruing from the operation of multiplant enterprises and the strength of entrepreneurial resources. Ratnayake (1993) concludes that foreign ownership of industry tends to be higher in skill-intensive and technology-intensive industries and those in industries enjoying high-level protection in Australia. Aswicahyono and Hill (1994) examine determinants of foreign investment shares in the Indonesian manufacturing sector and find product differentiation, technological capacity, skill intensity, absolute capital

Information Security implications of using Java and AJAX Term Paper

Information Security implications of using Java and AJAX - Term Paper Example In fact, information technology based systems are currently more commonly used for business and personal tasks. However, distributed and e-commerce systems and applications normally depend on a wide variety of features and technologies in their realization, comprising scripting languages, web, server side systems, mobile processing and in fundamental database. Additionally, the mixture of these systems and technologies produces a system that necessitates extra concentration regarding various kinds of security and privacy issues and the system all together. In this scenario, in systems working and operations, these issues take place from the interactions of privacy and security arrangements accessible for every component (Lindquist, 2002). This research presents an analysis of the information security implications of using JAVA and AJAX. This research will focus on the security implications of using Java and AJAX, such as how easy/difficult it would be to secure a Java/AJAX applicatio n. This paper will also offer some recommendations for programmers who use Java/AJAX as a programming platform. This research will also present some of the major strengths and weaknesses, common security vulnerabilities and demonstration of findings regarding security and privacy issues. JAVA Programming and Security Issues One of the major software design considerations for the Java based platform is to offer a protected environment for running mobile code. Basically, the Java programming language encompasses its own exclusive set of safety and privacy aspects and challenges. In view of the fact that the Java security structure can defend a client and systems from hostile applications and can be downloaded over a network, hence it cannot protect beside system implementation issues that appear in the trust system code. Additionally, similar issues and bugs can involuntarily open a large number of security holes that the security arrangement was intended to hold, including access to printers, files, microphones, webcams and the network from behind firewalls. In some of the hardest issues local applications can be Java security disabled or executed. Without a doubt, these issues can turn the system into a zombie platform, take secret information from system and web, stop helpful process of the system; spy through linked devices, support additional security based attacks, and a number of other malicious tasks. In addition, the selection of programming language for system developments influences the robustness of a software application. In this scenario, the Java programming language and virtual machine offer a number of characteristics to ease and support common software programming issues and problems. Additionally, the programming language is type-safe, and the run-time offers automatic system memory management

Stretching Our Horizons Essay Example for Free

Stretching Our Horizons Essay Comparing and contrasting Platos Allegory of the Cave with Paulo Freires Pedagogy of the Oppressed is a complex example of comparing bananas with tangerines. It is hard to take in the mind of a great philosopher. It is even harder to make that mind your own. For that reason the task of fully evaluating these two pieces side by side may forever be a work in progress. Each essay contains three major points. These points discussed new and advised teaching methods, how man is related to or with the world; and the responsibility that enlightened individuals have to mankind. The ideas of these two philosophers both mirror and oppose each other in varying degrees. Through taking very different paths the two writers make their own points clear and demand rational and logical thought of their readers. Plato was a student of Socrates and though the writing of Allegory of the Cave is all his own the basis for his ideas came from none other than his own teacher. The teacher you see is one half of the great element in Platos epiphany. Socrates is in fact a main character in the conversation from which this excerpt is taken. It is said that in this particular work, Plato described symbolically the predicament in which mankind finds itself and proposes a way of salvation (Plato 1). Throughout the conversation a system of ideas develops that are meant to teach the reader or readers about themselves, their world and how it should be viewed rather than a simple, inverted, non-involved outlook that is common to everyday people. The purpose of this writing was to bring about enlightenment. To bring forth this enlightenment we must search for knowledge according to Plato and this knowledge he refers to as light. Light brings the world into focus, so does knowledge and realization of ones plac e in the world. In Platos model, the teacher questions the actions or ideas of the student so that the student will learn to think on their own. A person who quests knowledge for themselves and engages in thoughts other than those placed in their heads by another individual will find that knowledge. The quest for knowledge is not only a right but also a duty and one that brings with it responsibility and dignity. Everyone has the ability to search for and find the light, or knowledge as we call it. Everyone also has the ability to attain this  knowledge. According to Socrates in this dialogue, living a life with true knowledge and enlightenment is living a philosophical one. A life that casts a downward look onto one of politics is one of true philosophy and one of true philosophy. This life is the only one that degrades the grandeur of political ambition. Part of finding this light is becoming aware of the human relationship with the world. Plato believed that most men see themselves as living in a narrow world. If the truth is told the world as they believe it is not a picture of reality. Therefore, the world exists and man is here in it, but does not truly understand what it really is for he does not knows even himself as a man. Once a person has discovered himself, once he has discovered the light, it is his inborn duty to share this with the world. His purpose is now to become a writer of philosophy, to become a teacher in the school of thought. Despite the level on which a person decides to do these honorable deeds, it is not enough. It is the enlightened mans reason for being part of this great world that he has discovered. Pablo Freires ideas about man and educating are compiled in his Pedagogy of the Oppressed. He strongly suggests that for teaching to be the most effective it must be cognitive or revolutionary forum. The students should be pressed toward thinking on an individual level and this must be done in such a way that the teacher is not the source from which the knowledge comes. The instructor should be a means to obtain knowledge, a tool that is an aid rather than a necessity. Often times the teacher must become the student in the since of being open to new arguments and ideas that are introduced by the student. Freires theory also states that a person is not part of the world; but the world is part of the person. He says that without mankind the world would not exist because there would be no one to say that it was doing so. What a person is what becomes reality, it is the true world. Freire suggests that to be enlightened, one must be more humanistic. The more humanistic a person can become the more knowledge they have obtained and the more they can help the world. This is the most important element because since they are of such great knowledge it is their job to pass this onto the world so that everyone may become more enlightened and raise the level of our existence. As it may be seen the two writers have both theories in common and those completely at odds with one another. Plato says that to teach you must challenge that you must force, but Freire says that you must stand back and let the student come to personal and individual cognition. In this Freire argues a revolutionary teaching method, but does so in an essay that follows the style of narrative banking, while Plato rigidly portrays his methods in the way that his writing is developed and constructed. Both men see that man has a direct relationship with the world. Plato sees man as a part of the world, which must be brought into the light to see in reality. Freire on the other hand says that the individual is the world and that what he sees is what is real. The main area of agreement comes when both philosophers convey, it is the enlightened peoples place to carry on their knowledge to others. In one suggestion Plato uses his theory of philosophical lives being of a higher level than thos e of simple political ambition as an example of how to broaden the horizons of common place people by saying that enlightened people should be the ones in these political offices. From these offices they will be able to do more good than an unenlightened person will. They will be able to teach life and the value of it. Freire believes that an enlightened person must teach the very enlightenment and that the responsibility of extending this thought lies both on the student and the teacher. People cannot become great on their own, they must have educators, people to point them in the right direction. Their aid in seeking personal enlightenment could be anyone or anything and come from any of the various methods. The existence of the world is what we make it. Our duty is to ourselves and that entitles all that we believe both as individuals and as a group. While the debate about whom is right or wrong will continue throughout time, one thing is for sure: we must go on.

Forces analyses of Sainsbury

Forces analyses of Sainsbury J Sainsbury plc is a leading UK food retailer with interests in financial services. It consists of Sainsburys Supermarkets, Sainsburys Local, Bells Stores, Jacksons Stores and JB Beaumont, Sainsburys Online and Sainsburys Bank. The decision to diversify into convenience stores is discussed further within a Porters 5 forces analysis. Their objective is to serve customers well and thereby provide shareholders with good, sustainable financial returns. They aim to ensure all colleagues have opportunities to develop their abilities and are rewarded for their contribution to the success of the business. The companys policy is to work with all of our suppliers fairly, recognising the mutual benefit of satisfying customers needs; a concept which is considered in the Porters 5 forces analysis. They also aim to fulfill responsibilities to the communities and environments in which they operate (Sainsburys, 2008) a point which is discussed within a PESTEL analysis. Sainsburys serves 16 million customers each week in 455 supermarkets and 301 convenience stores across the country. The company employs 148,000 colleagues committed to delivering Great Food at Fair Prices. Yet more examples that can be included as a strengths in a SWOT analysis. Sainsburys sells  £6bn of British food every year, an obvious strength in a SWOT analysis. The company works closely with smaller-scale suppliers to expand local sourcing wherever possible, and has a network of over 3,500 local suppliers. In May 2006, Sainsburys launched Supply Something New, an innovative scheme to make it easier for small and medium-sized suppliers to gain access to Sainsburys and make locally produced food available to more customers (Annual Report 2007). This could be argued to be an important element in a PESTEL analysis. PESTEL analysis PESTEL analysis Political Factors Increasing globalization, presents a challenge as well as an opportunity to Sainsburys. The challenge will be to compete against unknown forces and to source the best quality/financially viable products from world over. Sainsburys can enter the markets of emerging companies through joint ventures or partnerships to explore these new markets, although it does not have any plans on the horizon to do so. The ongoing investigation of price fixing amongst the big four retailers within the UK can have some negative impact to the industry in general and Sainsburys in particular, as it is at the forefront of this allegation(Rigby 2008). Although Sainsburys is very well established among consumers, these allegations can lead to a negative public image as the consumers might feel cheated. In the UK, the Government is to decrease the rate of corporation tax from 30% to 28%, which will save big companies like Sainsburys significant sums of money (HM Treasury 2008). PESTEL analysis Economic factors The rapidly increasing global food crisis has increased food prices all over the world, which will result in rising purchasing costs for Sainsburys (economist.com 2008 [online]). This will have an impact on the margins of the organisation and might lead to passing over the cost to consumers by increasing prices of most things in the supermarket. Furthermore, rising fuel costs will have implications right throughout the supply chain of Sainsburys leading to an overall situation of increasing prices. The credit crunch can have a two way impact on Sainsburys as it also runs a financial services company with HBOS (Annual Report 2007). The credit crunch might decrease the purchasing power of consumers and though they will still buy the essentials they may be more cautious. They may also spend less on luxury items, something that has a greater profit margin for Sainsburys. As far the Sainsbury bank is concerned, the credit crunch directly affects its ability to provide credit especially as it is not an established name in the financial services industry. Stiff competition within every segment of the retail sector has lead to retailers giving a lot of incentives to the consumers (Annual Report 2007). This will affect Sainsburys as the prices have to be driven down most of the time. PESTEL analysis Social factors Nowadays there seems to be more emphasis on fresh, easy style cooking. This serves an opportunity for Sainsburys to encourage new recipes and unfussy eating. There has been a huge emphasis by the government to promote healthy eating (eatwell.gov.uk 2008 [online]), primarily due to the increasing level of obesity within the UK (department of health 2008 [online]). This has lead to many consumers to shift towards healthier food. This presents an opportunity to Sainsburys to stock up with more healthy food or create healthier foods at a cheaper price than other manufacturers so as to benefit from this new trend. PESTEL analysis Technological The Internet phenomenon seems to be ever growing within western countries. It is predicted that by 2011 online retail sales in Europe will have reached Eur263bn, with British shoppers accounting for more than a third of all revenue. The Internet accounts for 8% of global advertising spend and is growing rapidly (The Economist, 2007). If used cleverly, Sainsburys can leverage the internet to its advantage. Competitors like Tesco use their own online delivery model successfully. However, specialist delivery companies like Ocado (working in partnership with Waitrose) provide an alternative for the outsourcing of non-core work. One of the downsides of supermarket shopping is the queuing system customers often find themselves in at the checkout. Self checkout machines, employed by Asda and Tesco, can help solve this problem, especially for customers who have to queue up for very few items. Furthermore, self checkout machines could help in Sainsburys opening stores for 24 hours which might help boost sales. Although not yet popular, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification Device) technology can be used for significant benefits to the supply chain of Sainsburys. If adopted, this technology will lead to less inventory for the supermarket firms leading to a leaner, more profitable organisation (directions magazine 2008 [online]). PESTEL analysis Environmental factors A lot of emphasis western companies has been on the role of big companies in reducing carbon footprint and increasing energy efficiency (Bream 2008). This is just not a backburner issue anymore and every firm will have to prove they are reducing their impact on the environment, meaning Sainsburys will have to invest more on green issues. Other important ethical issues, like sale of organic food and the ethical treatment of animals, clearly effect Sainsburys on various levels. The growing importance of such issues means that they will have to cater to those consumers as well as to consumers governed by price. This is a sensitive issue as they will have to balance their public stand on environment without losing consumers due to the increase in prices. PESTEL analysis Legal factors With ever stringent laws on food and drinks, Sainsburys will have to follow more and more packaging and labeling policies to deal with these, which will be an additional financial burden on the company. Due to its interests in financial services, there is ever more legal scrutiny in the operations of Sainsbury bank which means there is more responsibility regarding legal compliance and other risk measures. Porters 5 forces analysis Porters 5 forces analysis Competitive rivalry The retail market is extremely competitive with a very crowded market. Now, more and more companies are trying to get into non food sectors (Rigby and Killgren 2008) further intensifying the competition. Sainsburys has a market share of 14.9% in 2007, steadily increasing since its restructuring programme that started in 2004 (Annual Report 2007). This is a positive trend but it lags well behind the runaway market leader Tesco, showing that there is considerable distance to cover. Tesco, Asda, and Morrisons are the other three big supermarket chains in the UK retail sector. All of them have a different competitive advantage over their competitors. Sainsburys reach in the convenience stores makes it have a larger customer reach. Banks and building societies compete with Sainsbury bank but it is not a core business for Sainsburys. Porters 5 forces analysis Barriers for entry Barriers to entry are extremely high in the food retail market due to a number of factors. Firstly, organised retail is amongst the most sophisticated sectors within the UK and needs a lot of investment, along with significant brand development, which takes years to establish (Doyle 2002). Secondly, retail is also at an advanced stage within the UK and most of the western world, which means there is little scope for new entrants to establish themselves. Local knowledge is extremely crucial within the food retail sector, something that is difficult for foreign firms to replicate. This is corroborated by the presence of few global supermarkets within UK. Porters 5 forces analysis Threats of Substitutes The threat of substitutes in the food retail industry is a low one simply because consumers view it as a necessity, especially in the developed world and increasingly in the emerging markets. The retail market is always trying to converge and assimilate new innovations with respect to food products or alternative businesses, to make shopping an extremely pleasurable experience. This makes them extremely difficult to substitute The only major threat of substitute is an internal industry threat whereby one supermarket can lap up the business of other supermarkets. Porters 5 forces analysis Buyer power Buyer power is high in this industry simply due to the presence of so many competitors selling the same products. It is only differentiated in price and consumer loyalty and increasingly on green credentials. Moreover, the switching costs are low for consumers. As the economy goes further towards recession (ODoherty 2008) consumers needs are likely to be given more weight, increasing their power considerably. Porters 5 forces analysis Supplier power Supplier power is usually more complicated as it is difficult to categorise it. It is safe to call it a mutually dependent relationship as suppliers are in itself huge companies, like PG, Unilever, Cadbury etc. with huge brand appeal. It can be argued that if supermarkets do not sell their products consumers will shift loyalties, making suppliers very powerful. However, if the products of big companies do not reach supermarkets, their sales volumes will be affected hugely. The relationship might change depending on the situation of the big branded supplier, for example, when sales of Cadburys dairy milk increased through the successful Gorilla ad campaign (Wiggins and Urry 2007). Supplier power of smaller suppliers will not be considerable because of their sales volumes on dependence on these supermarkets. SWOT analysis SWOT Strengths Sainsburys has had thirteen straight quarters of growth showing real turnaround in its business (Rigby and Braithwaite 2008). Even for 2007 it has shown an increase of 7% in turnover and a huge 450% increase in profit after tax (Annual Report 2007). It has an extremely experienced leadership team with Justin King, its Chief Executive receiving great praise for his work in Sainsburys (timesonline.co.uk 2008 [online]). Sainsburys seems to be very well placed on green and environmental issues due to its various recent initiatives, like buying fair-trade bananas (economist.com 2008 [online]). Furthermore its help in closing down gangmaster (Taylor 2008) has had a positive effect on the public in general. It has a positive consumer brand and its liked by both green activists and consumers. It is one supermarket chain that has a clear celebrity endorsing products, leading to increased sales. With Jamie Oliver, it has been simple for Sainsburys to see uplifts in sales of specific ingredients that have been featured in ad campaigns. Apparently the supermarket had to order nine tons the equivalent of two years supply of nutmeg to meet demand when it appeared in one of Olivers hundred-plus ads (Dickinson 2008). SWOT Weakness The takeover bid by the Qataris Private equity firm last year (Arnold and Politi 2008) can have some implications as people are gravitating towards British companies and the prospect of Sainsburys being governed by a foreign firm can lead to consumers switching loyalties. Unlike Tescos expansion plan (economist.com [online] 2008), Sainsburys is not present in markets other than the UK. This can lead to trouble especially if there is some problem within food retailing in the UK or if there needs to be a source of extra growth. SWOT Opportunities Sainsburys alternative business presents a great opportunity for future growth. Its investments in property (Killgren 2008b) and a goal of  £40 million profit through its bank seem like a good strategy to pursue Online sales are a great opportunity as well, since online margins are higher and investments are not huge. SWOT Threats There needs to be continuous heavy investment in environmental and green issues without immediate benefits. The problem lies in maintaining a balance e.g. Bio-fuel is an important tool to curb global emissions and its use affects Sainsburys supply chain directly, so Sainsburys should support it. However, a spurt in bio-fuels has made corn dearer (independent.co.uk [online] 2008) affecting its prices within the UK and making Sainsburys consumers bear the brunt. Sainsburys operations are subject to a broad spectrum of regulatory requirements particularly in relation to planning, competition and environmental issues, employment, pensions and tax laws and in terms of regulations over the groups products and services. Conclusion Through this piece it can be seen through the various analyses; Porters 5 Forces, PESTEL and SWOT, that Sainsburys is an iconic British food brand, well loved by its consumers. It had been suffering but since 2004 its image, and importantly profits, have improved tremendously. However, it is not insulated to many outside risks like recession and rising material costs as highlighted in the PESTEL analysis. Although it has shown steady growth it is important for Sainsburys to go the next level by challenging Tesco, a competitor identified in the Porters 5 forces analysis, either by thinking of international expansion or on price. This in conjunction with its increasing property portfolio and alternate businesses should help in continuing the strong growth path, as well as tiding over threats (SWOT) in its external environment. References Arnold, M., and Politi, J. (2007). Rockier route to buy-out success, Financial Times, London, 7 November. Bream, R. (2008). Use less power to cut emissions, Financial Times, London, 18 April. Department of Health (2008). http:// www. dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Healthimprovement/Obesity/DH_078098 [Online]. [Accessed 6th May 2008]. Dickinson, H. (2008). http:// www. kpmg.co.uk/industries/cm/r/ht.cfm#ii [Online]. [Accessed 5th May 2008]. Directions magazines (2007). http:// www. directionsmag.com/article.php?article_id=629trv=1 [Online]. [Accessed 7th May 2008]. Doyle, P. (2002). Marketing Management and Strategy 3d ed., Pearson Education. Economist (2008). http:// www. economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9358986 [Online]. [Accessed 6th May 2008]. Economist (2008). http:// www. economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10491144 [Online]. [Accessed 6th May 2008]. Food Standards Agency (2008). http ://www. eatwell.gov.uk/ [Online]. [Accessed 3rd May 2008]. Hawkes, J. (2008). http:// business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/retailing/article3827752.ece [Online]. [Accessed 5th May 2008]. HM Treasury (2008). Budget 2008. Stability and opportunity: building a strong, sustainable future. 12 March 2008. www. hm-treasury.gov.uk [Online]. [Accessed 7th May 2008]. J Sainsbury plc (2007). Annual Report 2007. http:// www. j-sainsbury.co.uk/ar07/downloads/Sainsbury_Review_2007.pdf [Online]. [Accessed 7th May 2008]. Killgren, L. (2007). Sainsbury launches property venture, Financial Times, London, 14 November. ODoherty, J. (2008). Carrefour confident of meeting sales target, Financial Times, London, 10 January. Randerson, J. (2008). http:// www. guardian.co.uk/science/2008/mar/07/scienceofclimatechange.food [Online]. [Accessed 8th May 2008]. Rigby, E, and Killgren, L. (2008). Sainsbury buys back sites to fuel non-food growth, Financial Times, London, 27 March. Rigby, E. (2008). Sainsbury attacks scandal of price inquiry, Financial Times, London, 3 May. Rigby, E., and Braithwaite, T. (2008). Sainsbury offers relief for retailers, Financial Times, London, 10 January. Taylor, A. (2008). J Sainsbury helps close gangmaster, Financial Times, London, 17 April. The Economist (2007). The world in figures: industries. The world in 2008. p124 -126. Vallely, P. (2008). http:// www. independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/the-other-global-crisis-rush-to-biofuels-is-dri ving-up-price-of-food-808138.html [Online]. [Accessed 1st May 2008]. Wiggins, J., and Urry, M. (2007). Cadbury benefits from gorilla tactics, Financial Times, London, 11 December.

Walmart Jit

According to Crosson and Needles the Just-In-Time (JIT) operating philosophy requires that â€Å"all resources—material, personnel, and facilities—be acquired and used only when they are need. Its objectives are to improve productivity and eliminate waste. † They go on to sate that this process allows funds to be reallocated according to the goals of the company’s business plan since they are no longer invested in inventory. This method helps retailers like Wal-Mart â€Å"assign more accurate costs to their products and identify the costs of waste and inefficient operation† (2011).And from the looks of things†¦Wally World knows what its doing. Wal-Mart utilizes JIT throughout their stores by having extremely flexible time slots for hourly employees and through contracting with whole sellers. This allows the company to move away from the ‘just in case’ strategy and meet demand as it occurs (Hubpages). This affects their vendors in t hat Wal-Mart will partner with wholesalers only in order to receive the lowest costs possible on goods. They will also be able to put in orders for items as needed without having to go through a ‘middle man’ in order to meet the demand of their consumers.It’s cut and dry. Like most things in business there always seems to be a very dark cloud inside a silver lining. Wal’Mart’s smart business decisions have lead to a monopolization of several local industries, seriously jeopardizing small businesses across the nation. There are labor issues and people across the country actively boycott the superstore†¦But at the end of the day, most American’s are cheerfully spoiled by the, everything, right now, and cheap mentality.And three days ago, I went into to Wal-Mart, picked up a prescription, bought a facial exfoliate, a baby shower gift, and some veggie burgers†¦. It’s a hard truth. Convenience wins out :-/ Crosson, S. V. , & Needl es, B. E. (2011). Managerial accounting. 9th Edition. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Hubpages. (2010). Why physical distribution is the key to Wal-Mart’s marketing strategy and lower prices. Retrieved from http://s10ecbiztalk. hubpages. com/hub/keytoWal-Martsmarketingstrategyandlowerprices

Lady Macbeth is one of the most striking characters in the play Essay

Lady Macbeth is one of the most striking characters in the play. What are your feelings toward this character and how do they change as the play progresses? What makes Lady Macbeth so striking in her first few scenes is her manipulative, vindictive nature. She is a very controlling character yet we see her troubled mind reveal itself as the play progresses. Her most famous scene, Act 5 scene 1, allows the audience to see how she has truly been affected by the murders in which she had been involved. She is sleep walking and revealing unconsciously her emotions toward the untimely deaths of King Duncan, Banquo and the Macduff household. I have little sympathy for this character because if it were not for her driving Macbeth to the murder of Duncan, he most probably would not have become so obsessed with his infatuation of becoming king. As we see in Act 1 scene 5 she is extremely ambitious about the prospect of Macbeth’s power increasing. She talks of murder without an ounce of guilt and merely worries over her husband being too gentle to actually commit the execution of the king. She refers to him being â€Å"too full o’the’milk of human kindness† and states that he is in fact ‘without ambition’ and so would not carry out the deed properly. Her personality could, however, be extremely ambitious regardless of the state of power that her husband is in, the situation could have brought out the most of her desire. In each of her scenes we see a new side to her personality. During Act 1 scene 5 we see her praying to evil spirits in her soliloquy for her to become more masculine and evil, with any feminine attributes and natures to be stripped from her, implying that she also may need a little push to make her ambitious enough to commit the murders. This also suggests to the audience that her conscious would probably not let her commit those crimes alone. She asks the evil spirits to â€Å"Come to my woman’s breasts/And take my milk for gall, you murdering ministers.† However, when Macbeth arrives home, he refers to her as â€Å"my dearest love† she then immediately sets about manipulating him and goading him into the murder. When she learns of Duncan coming to dinner, she administrates ideas of looking above suspicion. She tells him â€Å"look like th’innocent flower/But be the serpent under’t.† Shakespeare uses very expressive language here with contrasting imagery of a flower (which represents good) and a serpent (which represents evil). This could also be interpreted as a metaphor for Macbeth’s relationship with his wife in that when Lady Macbeth is plotting murderous schemes and manipulating her husband, Macbeth is presented in a good and vulnerable light. The same applies for when Macbeth decides to take the murders further and the audience gains sympathy for his wife. Macbeth is left with little to say and is interrupted by his wife on several occasions in that scene, providing the audience with a clear insight into Shakespeare’s intentions for the hierarchy within the relationship. That hierarchy being where Macbeth is more or less controlled by what Lady Macbeth tells him to do, almost like a spell of her own. This provides strong evidence for those who believe that Lady Macbeth herself is a witch of some kind. In Act 1 scene 6 Duncan arrives at Macbeth’s castle with other various guests and originally comments on the pleasant air that it gives off, referring to it as â€Å"Nimbly and sweet†. This presents the audience with a dose of dramatic irony as they know that what really lies inside the castle itself is as evil and twisted as it’s inhabitants. He also refers to Lady Macbeth as â€Å"Our honoured hostess.- The love/That follows us sometime is our trouble†. The problem with Lady Macbeth in this scene is that she is elaborately polite and good natured that it could easily appear to be insincere. She tells Duncan that she has checked and double checked that everything is sufficiently in order. She tells him she will pray for him constantly and speaks of loyalty and gratitude for past kind deeds. Shakespeare is rather repetitive when it comes to Lady Macbeth’s lines, she speaks continuously of her homage to him and the effort they are making for him. This is in an obvious bid for her to gain their trust and it does indeed work. Duncan reacts graciously towards this most probably due to his age and gratitude for the effort made. Act 1 scene 7 sees Lady Macbeth belittling her husband in an attempt for him to agree whole heartedly to killing the king of Scotland. She uses foul phrases with appalling imagery such as telling Macbeth that while she was breast feeding her baby she would: â€Å"while it was smiling in my face/Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums/And dashed the brains out, had I so sworn.† She tries to come over as very menacing and heartless at this point in the play, making a point of the fact that if she had promised to kill her own child she would do so, however, after the murder of Duncan, she contradicts herself rather strongly as she comments on being able to kill her father. In Act 2 scene 2, Macbeth returns from killing the king to discuss the event with his wife. Shakespeare uses this as an opportunity for the audience to feel sympathy as we see his grief and guilt. We also get to see a very new side to Lady Macbeth, she admits that if he had not looked like her own father she would have done the deed herself, showing that underneath her hard exterior, there are elements of compassion and guilt that though she expresses little, she still feels them just like any other human being. The audience then sees her snap out of her sensitive phase and channel her emotions into reassuring and controlling her husband. She tells him to dismiss his hallucinations about the dagger and to return them to frame the guards who were guarding Duncan’s room. â€Å"These deeds must not be thought/After these ways; so, it will make us mad.† The audience could consider this as foreshadowing of what occurs as the play progresses as both Lady Macbeth and her husband experience mental disturbances because of the horrific crimes they committed. Hands are used as a metaphor throughout this scene and as an extended metaphor throughout the play. Macbeth refers to his as â€Å"hangman’s hands† and uses phrases such as â€Å"ravelled sleeve of care†, whereas Lady Macbeth is far more literal and tells him to â€Å"wash this filthy witness from your hand.† This could be interpreted as the hands representing guilt and so each character handles the guilt in different ways; Macbeth is very open about his guilt and remorse by using dramatic devices such as personification and metaphors, for example: â€Å"Glamis hath murdered sleep, and therefore Cawdor/Shall sleep no more: Macbeth shall sleep no more. † Lady Macbeth, however, deals with her culpability in a different way in that she pretends to feel nothing towards the situation but it obviously haunts her as we see in her final scene in Act 5 scene 1 where she sleep walks and hallucinates. Shakespeare illustrates this well when Lady Macbeth mocks Macbeth for being so gentle: â€Å"My hands are of your colour, but I shame/To wear a heart so white.† She also says rather flippantly, â€Å"A little water clears us of this deed./How easy is it then! Your constancy/Hath left you unattended.† Shakespeare’s intention for this scene, I think, was to show us that there is a sensitive, guilty side underneath her shell of ambition and malevolence. Act 2 scene 3 sees Macduff discovering Duncan’s murder with great astonishment. He alerts the whole castle including Banquo, Malcolm and Donaldbain of the king’s death and so Lady Macbeth enters. She acts very much â€Å"like th’innocent flower† by pretending to be oblivious to what had happened in the previous scene, â€Å"What’s the business/That such a hideous trumpet calls to parley/The sleepers of the house?† Then with immense dramatic irony, Macduff replies calling her â€Å"gentle lady† and commenting on the fact that the talk of murderous deeds is too tender for a woman’s ears. The audience would find this somewhat amusing as they know that Lady Macbeth is solely responsible for the murder of Duncan and so would not in any way find the subject too sensitive or painful. She reacts in a way similar to that when she was attending to Duncan in Act 1 scene 6, where she is very elaborate in her efforts to help, creating a suspiciously false air about her. She then dramatically faints and is carried out, she is lucky that the people around her are so affected by the murder that they do not overtly notice her over the top antics. Lady Macbeth experiences a loss of power and control in Act 3 scene 2, where Macbeth arranges his next murder without her involvement. Shakespeare has her character showing compassion to her husband’s ‘sorriest fancies’ when he complains of insecurity about his dangerous thoughts and deeds. She tries to make him forget what has happened by instructing him: â€Å"Using those thoughts which should indeed have died/With them think on? Things without all remedy/Should be without regard; what’s done, is done.† The audience at this moment does not know that Lady Macbeth doesn’t practice these ideas herself and in fact reveals her guilt subconsciously. My feelings toward Lady Macbeth at this time are cold and my sympathy leans toward Macbeth as we see him feeling very remorseful and suicidal. He mentions, â€Å"Better be with the dead/Whom we, to gain our peace, have sent to peace,/Than on the torture of the mind to lie/In restless ecstasy.† However as we see a new side to Macbeth where he is plotting murders without her it does make me wonder would he have killed Duncan without her influence? Lady Macbeth presents herself as the gracious hostess once more as she invites the lords to dinner in Act 3 scene 4. At the beginning of the scene the audience is presented with the news of Banquo’s slaughter. Lady Macbeth suspects this but is not directly informed as her husband has somewhat distanced himself from her, implying that he does not need her influences for villainous thoughts any more, he can do it all by himself now. This scene manages to arouse some sympathy for Lady Macbeth as we see her power lessening downfall. This could be what ultimately leads to her suspected suicide. The audience gets to understand that Shakespeare did not want to present Lady Macbeth as a character who takes pleasure in the sight of bloodshed and gore, but one who craves power and enforces her ambitions upon those she can manipulate. We also see a role reversal here for the second time in the play. She already has upset the natural order of marital hierarchy from the beginning of the play where she presents herself in the dominant role which was extremely uncommon for that period. Then as the play progresses she becomes part of a downward spiral where she loses power and the status within the marriage as she becomes the more recessive figure next to her now dominant husband. The ghost of Banquo makes an appearance at the dinner table in this scene but of course only Macbeth can see (another one of his deluded hallucinations). He becomes extremely unsettled by this and begins to shout at the ghost with a fiery passion that stuns the rest of his guests. â€Å"Thou canst not say I did it; never shake/Thy gory locks at me!† Ross initiates the lords standing up and leaving their new king in peace to rest and collect himself but Lady Macbeth being â€Å"th’innocent flower† that she pretends to be assures the lords that he is fine and is just unwell. The audience feel some sort of consideration for her as we can see her husband’s mental health deteriorates and her power disintegrate. She snaps at Macbeth â€Å"Are you a man?† as she quite obviously feels utterly embarrassed by his reactions to the ghost. She tries to use this as an opportunity to regain her status above Macbeth which is understandable as she feels defeated but is selfish considering her husband’s state. In the most dramatic scene in Lady Macbeth’s presence on stage, the audience is given the opportunity to see the REAL Lady Macbeth as her subconscious takes over her physical state. At the beginning of her last scene, Act 5 scene 1, the doctor and gentlewoman are analysing her recent behaviour, â€Å"She has light by her continually, ’tis her command.† As light is a common metaphor for purity this insinuates that she doesn’t want to be considered evil and wants to redeem herself but can’t because she is too involved to dig herself out now and so her subconscious speaks the words she cannot. â€Å"Out damned spot! Out, I say! One, two. Why then ’tis time to do’t. Hell is murky. Fie, my lord, fie, a soldier, and afeard? What need we fear? Who knows it, when none can call our power to account? Yet who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him?† This is one of the most remembered speeches in Shakespeare’s literature and is so because of its quirky formation. Shakespeare has used very disjointed language with punctuation separating every short phrase. This translates to her being very edgy and emotionally unstable. She then reels off a list of other people for which she feels responsible for their deaths as well as her husband. She refers back to the common theme of hands which has occurred throughout the play. â€Å"What, will these hands ne’er be clean?† â€Å"All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. O, O, O.† She still refers to her hands as being â€Å"little† and the need for them to be ‘sweetened’ and so this indicates the want for her to be filled with good and that she is feeling genuine guilt and mental anguish. This anguish finally leads to her suicide by unspecified means. Shakespeare probably chose not to present the death of Lady Macbeth on stag e to add to the impact of her exit and last scene and also to be slightly ambiguous. I think a dying scene would have been effective for Lady Macbeth’s last scene, she could perhaps have given a soliloquy explaining how she truly was feeling. To conclude, it is evident that Shakespeare had Lady Macbeth’s emotional state disintegrate as the play proceeded to in effect show the downfall of a control freak. It is undecided whether or not she is pretending to be the controlling evil person which her persona appears to be but that is in a way irrelevant as it was certainly influential enough to drive her husband to multiple homicides. She was certainly a brave character for going against the ‘Chain of Being’ in which God was considered to be ultimately at the top with monarchs under that and other members of society such as lords and townsfolk following after, but at the bottom were women and so she was courageous to consider herself to be above even monarchy! Though wrong it is admirable, especially considering what was said if the chain of being was to be disrupted, that chaos would arise, disrupting the natural order of life on earth and in the heavens which is seen as inexcusable. I personally think that Lady Macbeth was blamed for a lot that wasn’t entirely her fault. It is implied that because Macbeth ended Banquo’s life and slaughtered Macduff’s wife and children in a desperate bid for the throne, he was emotionally capable of murdering Duncan all by himself. In the first two acts we have little sympathy for Lady Macbeth as Shakespeare only provides the audience with her vindictive exterior, at this time we cannot see what she is truly thinking and feeling. It is only as the play progresses that we understand WHY she turns out to be the way that she is, that she has a very ambitious character and so enforces that upon her husband. She feels that Macbeth becoming king will benefit them both and sees killing the existing king as the fastest way to get to the throne. She then becomes gradually defeated as Macbeth’s ambition and obsession with becoming king begins to soar and spiral. She is then over-ridden with guilt and eventually feels that she cannot bear the guilt that torments her troubled mind and so decides to end it all.

The Inadequate Native American Judiciary System and The Environmental Effects of Poorly Operated Tribal Courts

The Inadequate Native American Judiciary System and The Environmental Effects of Poorly Operated Tribal Courts Free Online Research Papers The Inadequate Native American Judiciary System and The Environmental Effects of Poorly Operated Tribal Courts In the past thirty years, there has been a major continent-wide push for increased environmental protection. Most of this push is largely attributed to laws and measures passed in the government to correct these environmental problems, such as unclean air, acid rain, deforestation, pollution, and the greenhouse effect. The Native Americans are trying to combat these problems as much or more than anyone in this country. However, as these problems must be addressed through proper legislative channels, unfortunately, the inadequate funding allotted to Native American tribal courts, by deteriorating their effectiveness and efficiency, constitutes not only serious environmental damage, but it also sets a grave tone for increasing cultural abuse. Initially, of course, the Native Americans had sovereignty over their judicial system. This was proven by the Ex parte Crow Dog ruling, where an Indian man named Crow Dog killed an adversary named Spotted Tail at a tribal council meeting in 1881. Originally tried and sentenced to death for murder, Crow Dog was released by Ex parte, which stated that U.S. courts had no jurisdiction over Indian affairs on reservation land (Hagan 92). Outrage over Crow Dog lead to the passing of the Major Crimes Act of 1885, which gave Federal Courts jurisdiction over seven major crimes committed by Native Americans, which has today increased to fourteen crimes (Hagan 98). There is no local jurisdiction of any of the crimes granted by the act. Empirically, the act has been shown to punish crimes committed by Indians and pass legislation according to Anglo-American laws and values rather than traditional Indian customs. It would seem, however, if the bill or case was not defined by federal law, that it would fall back to the Indian court system, but the Major Crimes Act provides that if it is not so defined, it will fall into state jurisdiction. Here, it is seen that the act moderately denies Native Americans control over their own tribal judicial system (Polashuk 1204). Although Congress provides for federal jurisdiction over many of these tribal judicial cases, because of a backlog of crimes committed off the reservation by non-Indians or legislation dealing with non-Indian environmental issues – often reaching back several years – they are considered a low priority. Testimony at congressional hearings has even revealed that such federal jurisdiction of Native American judicial activity has been wholly inadequate (Meisner 181). Because American culture is ignorant of Indian cultural values and social norms, legislature and jurisdiction through federal channels are most often completely inappropriate. (Polashuk 1210). Congress has concluded that Indian tribes, proposed then as sovereign governments, must have a vital interest in decisions which have to do with their environment. The U.S. has a direct interest in promoting environmental legislation to further its cause- it is a critical link to the tribes’ existence (Polashuk 1221). There is always an inherent problem in considering any government for increased sovereignty who is part of a distinct group. Not only are the people of American Indian tribes of a different race than the rest of society, they have completely different lifestyles and places of residence than of the American norms. This often causes both racial tension and cultural clash- there are some areas of the West where this tension has risen to â€Å"extreme levels.† (Polashuk 1213). So, how to provide a Native American with a fair trial? How to pass a resolution on a reservation that will properly deal with the environmental problems there? The answer lies in the tribal courts, who possess the traditional knowledge to properly discipline their members and pass and judge environmental bills. The primary reason that the tribal court system is not currently used is that it cannot fully carry out its services. This, however, is a problem of lack of funding- not any inherent functional flaw within the system (Burch 977). Lack of funding is a problem for the Native American judiciary system- this absence of resources undermines the whole tribal government. Without proper funds, the tribal court systems cannot attain the competent personnel to properly staff a standard legal system. Tribal governments as a whole are similar to the American three-branch system. Without the judiciary system working, legislative and executive attempts to perform proper initiatives dealing with environmental protection always fall short because of this judicial defect (Vicenti 140). A large tide of American culture is sweeping across the Indian reservations, replacing traditional tribal customs with non-Indian values and methods. Along with environmental protection methods, Indian tribal culture itself is in a crisis. To fight this, almost every reservation now has educated Indian people who struggle to stop the invasion. These experts almost unanimously agree that among the primary steps in this cultural and environmental fight is restoring a traditional tribal justice system (Vicenti 135). It is not at all improbable that the worst abuse of indigenous peoples worldwide has taken place in the United States of America. The U.S. has, for more than a century, aggressively pursued policies of cultural assimilation and degradation. Additionally, the United States has just as long held a haughty cultural arrogance regarding Native Americans, which essentially denies the Indians the recognition to begin healing themselves. Something as serious as even moderately denying American Indians jurisdiction over their tribes most definitely results in cultural abuse (Barsh Interview). Cultural abuse in this form, by disallowing the proper function of the tribal judicial branches, considerably hampers further environmental protection. Not only do Indian cultures have the right to exist and prosper in the U.S., they also have a great amount of values and wisdom to share with the other peoples and cultures of the Earth (Suagee 696). Thus, American Indian tribal culture needs to be preserved. There is, of course, an inherent value of culture itself, but Native American wisdom is extremely important and valuable. In fact, each different tribe has its own reservoir of ancestral wisdom, springing from the knowledge and experience of generations upon generations of ancestors. Not only does this loss of Native American wisdom result from the loss of tribal judicial control, it constitutes the loss of knowledge of proper environmental care, evidenced by the condition of the environment when Columbus arrived in the New World. However, this priceless wisdom and knowledge can easily be lost- it is only by keeping the tribal traditions alive through the use of traditional tribal judicial courts will we and future generations be blessed with this wisdom (Suagee 708). In addition to giving jurisdiction to the tribal courts, the Federal Government must recognize them as legitimate judiciary units. The United States officially supports tribal sovereignty- the tribal court systems are, essentially, the backbone of that sovereignty. In order to further advance their official position, the U.S. Government must recognize the legitimacy of these tribal courts. Likewise, this recognition, which will allow further measures relating to the environment to be introduced and pursued, will lead to both an increased survival of the tribal culture and greater environmental improvement (Polashuk 1231). Only one major obstacle stands in the way of altering the American Indian judicial policy- the Major Crimes Act (Polashuk 1204). Although the benefits of increasing the sovereignty of the Indian judicial system- from an environmental standpoint- are clearly shown by the evidence, a majority of the non-Indian population- especially those living in areas near reservations- who do not understand the positive impacts and advantages of traditional Indian judicial action will most definitely oppose any alteration of federal policy towards tribal courts. The Major Crimes Act was created by people such as these and will be inherently difficult to repeal or amend, as it has been in place for over a century (Hagan 99). However, though any opposing legislation may be difficult to overcome, the benefits of this change are well worth the effort. First and foremost, the proposal will allow the legislative and executive branch to work more effectively and efficiently with the judicial branch to pass positive environmental resolutions. It also halts the cultural abuse given to American Indians by industrialized people and the U.S. Government, and allows the wisdom and knowledge of countless generations of Indian ancestors to be preserved. Furthermore, this beneficent treatment of our indigenous peoples will serve as a model for the treatment of indigenous peoples world-wide, preserving a incalculable amount of information for future generations on a global scale (Suagee 712). Barsh, Russel (professor of Native American Studies). Personal Interview. 3 March 1997. Burch, Jordan (Clerk for Edward Rafeedie, Central District of California, Los Angeles). Ohio Northern University Law Review, Vol 20. p. 977. 1994. Hagan. Indian Police and Judges, op. cit., p. 89-145. Meisner, Kevin (Case Western Reserve University). American Indian Law Review, Vol 2. p. 181-182. 17 December 1992. Polashuk, Stacie. Southern California Law Review. Vol 69. p. 1191-1232. 1996. Suagee, Dean. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform. Vol 23. p. 671-715. Spring and Summer 1992. Vicenti, Carey (chief judge of Jicarilla Apache Tribe). Judicature. p.135-141. Nov-Dec, 1995. 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